Report suggests anger and injustice fuel youth towards radicalization rather than poverty

[FramingDragon]

‘I Didn’t Join the Taliban Because I Was Poor, I Joined Because I Was Angry’: Report Finds Injustice, Not Unemployment, Radicalizes Youth

https://news.vice.com/article/i-didnt-join-the-taliban-because-i-was-poor-i-joined-because-i-was-angry-report-finds-injustice-not-unemployment-radicalizes-youth?utm_source=vicenewsfb

As the narrative has it, the millions of poor, unemployed youths living in camps and peripheries worldwide are a fertile recruiting ground for militant ideologues seeking manpower. But that narrative may need debunking — with new research suggesting that anger, more than hunger, is to blame.

The radicalization of marginalized youths, who have been enlisted globally — from Afghanistan and Colombia to the suburbs of Paris and Minneapolis — is at the forefront of the national security agenda for many countries.

On Wednesday, US officials will sit down in Washington to discuss once again how to counter the effective recruiting strategies of militant groups around the world — tackling challenges like winning the narrative war on social media and building partnerships with religious leaders — as part of the White House Summit on Countering Violent Extremism.

But a report released today by global aid agency Mercy Corps suggests that governments and analysts still understand little about what exactly drives the world's youth to join armed insurgencies and terrorist groups. It also indicates that more than poverty and unemployment, it's the experience of injustice that triggers the decision for many, coupled with exposure to corruption, humiliation, and violence.

"For a long time there has been an 'economics of terrorism' narrative that suggested that young people join terrorist groups because they don't have meaningful employment, they lack opportunities, and therefore they're a ready pools of recruits for al Qaeda," Keith Proctor, the report's author, told VICE News. "Essentially the narrative suggested that terrorism is really just job seeking by another name. We didn't think that was right."

The group set out to test the narrative by conducting both quantitative research and surveying youth in three countries currently mired in conflict. In Afghanistan, Somalia, and Colombia, the researchers found that the "jobs argument" didn't hold, Proctor said.

"What we found is that unemployment status is a very poor predictor of whether a person is going to join an insurgent group or not," he added. "A far better predictor is the experience of injustice, discrimination, marginalization, being on the receiving end of corruption, and experiences of physical violence and being abused by police, security forces, or having a family member killed. All of this, of course, is not to say that no one has ever joined a terrorist organization or armed militia because they needed food, but it's just generally not the case."

"If poverty and unemployment were driving terrorism, there would be a lot more terrorism," Proctor said. "There are millions of people living in poverty — why aren't more of them joining armed movements? The fact is that most young people are peaceful. They want a future, and they're often optimistic in spite of their circumstances."

Community outreach — not 'enhanced interrogation' — might be the best way to stop terror attacks. Read more here.

Photo by Miguel Samper/ Mercy Corps

Dignity Not Dollars

The so-called "youth bulge" theory, which correlates societies with mushrooming youth populations with those most prone to conflict, violence, and terrorism, has long been a favorite among war pundits and officials, and one which has fueled anxieties about millions of — mostly black and brown — "idle" youths around the world. These youths are often described as a "ticking bomb" ready to be radicalized, and assumptions about them have shaped policies across the board, from investment and education to criminalization and surveillance.

Unraveling the myth matters because that's what informs governments' responses to the phenomenon, Proctor said. This includes the allocation of millions in foreign aid to programs with questionable relevance to the root cause of the problem — mostly short-term economic reintegration initiatives that fail to address broader frustrations and sometimes even exacerbate them, he said.

"It's not jobs, it's injustice," Proctor said. "Future efforts to try and address this problem really need to start with a pretty hard look at what we're funding, why we're funding it, and what we need to change."

Part of the problem lies with the structure of most aid agencies and their emphasis on short-term progress reports and "burn rates" — spending large amounts of money, and spending it quickly — often with little input from local residents, including youth themselves, on what's actually needed.

"The way that we do aid and development, it can help a lot if we're smart about it and targeted, but it can also hurt a lot," Proctor said, adding that the focus should be on "making sure our efforts are informed by young people and led by young people, not treating them as recipients of development rather than partners in the process."

But there's also such a thing as too much aid.

In Afghanistan, for instance, billions in aid has often contributed to corruption, abuse, and government illegitimacy that has only further fuelled the anger and alienation felt by many of the country's young, the report found.

While these circumstances are often connected, it's corruption, nepotism, and discrimination that often triggers the violence, not mere poverty and joblessness.

"Those are not things you fight against," a young Afghan man told the report's researchers.

"I did not join the Taliban because I was poor," said a former militant who joined the group when he was 18, following a NATO strike on his school. "I joined because I was angry. Because they wronged us."

Photo by Miguel Samper/ Mercy Corps

Circumstance Not Ideology

Ideology also has a lot less to do with radicalization than with the mere coincidence of one's exposure to violence, the researchers said.

Where youth chose to join one armed group over another, "often geography and personal history were more important," Proctor noted.

"In Colombia, for example, we found that the reason why they joined one armed group over another was not necessarily because of ideology, but because that armed group happened to be in their neighborhood," he said.

The report overwhelmingly found that the recurring thread in the "triggering factors" that drove the surveyed youths to join militant groups is anger. And while the Mercy Corps focused on youth in conflict zones, the same psychological factors may also apply to the radicalization of youths in Western Europe and the US, where again alienation — not poverty — has regularly proven to be a trigger, the researchers said.

Thousands of young men and women have flocked from Europe and North America to join the ranks of the self-proclaimed Islamic State in Syria and Iraq in recent months. Many are second-generation immigrants, often lacking their parents' connections to their countries of origin, yet marginalized in their own. Poverty was rarely found to be a determining factor, and some have actually reportedly come from relatively privileged backgrounds — like the British Islamic State fighter known as "Jihadi John," who became an executioner for the caliphate, but who grew up in an affluent London suburb.

"It's hard not to see parallels even in Western, developed countries, particularly among groups of people who are marginalized in some way, or feel disconnected and alienated from the society around them," Proctor said. "We need to find meaningful opportunities for young people to participate in their communities, to feel a part of the society in which they live, and also to address their grievances, which in many cases are very legitimate."

Thoughts?

[nucklehead]

Convenience not ideology.

[ilduce39]

Unsurprising. Similar situation in the lower mainland regarding middle-class boys/men and joining gangs. More about status than necessity. Feel like you're not getting the respect you deserve? Get a gun. Be somebody.

[Drewismyname]

The english fail on the title alone stopped me from even bothering reading this.

[samurai]

pretty shallow analysis really.

[FramingDragon]

pretty shallow analysis really.

Did you read the Mercy report? It's a pretty shallow statement to make, really.

The english fail on the title alone stopped me from even bothering reading this.

*English and try putting spaces between the words in your username, or else it's a spelling fail

[ilduce39]

The question is, then, based on this report what changes should be made in order to curb the allure of extremism?

Scaling back stereotypes, sensationalism and double standards in the media wouldn't hurt... But making young men not angry? That seems impossible.

[Dazzle]

Unsurprising. Similar situation in the lower mainland regarding middle-class boys/men and joining gangs. More about status than necessity. Feel like you're not getting the respect you deserve? Get a gun. Be somebody.

Dear Abby:

Where can I sign up to gain this 'respect' thing?

I get pushed around in lockers every day and one day, I was locked inside a washroom. Then when I was late for class, I got a detention.

Also, the girl that I like is dating the jerk in the class.

[FramingDragon]

The question is, then, based on this report what changes should be made in order to curb the allure of extremism?

Scaling back stereotypes, sensationalism and double standards in the media wouldn't hurt... But making young men not angry? That seems impossible.

Collective institutionalized suffering due to personal identity based on race, religion or nationality is a good breeding ground for any organized violence it seems, be it now the growing size of Indigenous gangs here in Canada or radicalization of Muslim youth.

Lack of immigrant and minority integration into communities is something that needs to be addressed, I think. In the context of Muslim communities, I think it requires a openness within the community to want to integrate and the government providing resources in the form of social workers (as they would anywhere) who are from the same background or nuanced in cultural conduct so that the exchange occurs smoothly. Of course, that requires a whole generation of Muslims/Arabs/South Asians to grow up here and choose that career path so change would be very slow...

[sinphase]

Poverty creates injustice and anger. It's a fundamental outcome of neoliberal capitalism.

Life is so random, so much of our place and identity in society is based on things we have no control over, race, parents education, the country we're born into. Yet capitalism tells us that all those things don't matter because hard work can conquer anything.

[Dazzle]

Collective institutionalized suffering due to personal identity based on race, religion or nationality is a good breeding ground for any organized violence it seems, be it now the growing size of Indigenous gangs here in Canada or radicalization of Muslim youth.

Lack of immigrant and minority integration into communities is something that needs to be addressed, I think. In the context of Muslim communities, I think it requires a openness within the community to want to integrate and the government providing resources in the form of social workers (as they would anywhere) who are from the same background or nuanced in cultural conduct so that the exchange occurs smoothly. Of course, that requires a whole generation of Muslims/Arabs/South Asians to grow up here and choose that career path so change would be very slow...

It's not like poverty/inequality is a new phenomenon. There were plenty of Islam converters that didn't go killing people in the past and present. Likewise, membership of gangs is said to have many people coming from middle to higher income families. Something about joining the gang is a sense of belonging. Why 'well-integrated' youth have decided to ditch that for radicalization? It's poorly understood for sure.

Canada's been good with accepting immigrants and newcomers, so much that some cities, i.e. Vancouver, have people completely put off by how they've allegedly taken over the city. I don't think it's that. Also, immigrants are taking up the sport of hockey and that really helps with connecting with others. I don't think the country has failed them in that respect.

I can't explain why the Ottawa or St. Jean incident happened though.

[Offensive Threat]

Poverty creates injustice and anger. It's a fundamental outcome of neoliberal capitalism.

Seeing oppresive brutality all around you and watching your family and friends suffer because of it also creates anger and an impotent feeling of not being able to do anything about it. Then ISIS or the Taliban or whoever come along and offer you training, weapons, and a chance to do something about it. Youd gladly ignore the extremist slant of their organization and get on board.